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Donnacona

Credits - P1I1 - DonnaconaDonnacona, St. Lawrence Iroquois leader (d in France probably in 1539), headman of the village of STADACONA [near Québec City] during Jacques CARTIER’s voyages of 1534-36, protested when Cartier raised his cross in Gaspé in July 1534. He was seized, then feted by Cartier, and agreed to let his sons Domagaya and Taignoagy return with Cartier to France. In 1535 Cartier reached Stadacona and despite Donnacona’s entreaties, pushed on to HOCHELAGA [Montréal]. Feeling betrayed, Donnacona broke off relations, leaving the French to fend for themselves during the ensuing winter. Cartier used a dispute between Donnacona and a rival as a ruse to draw Donnacona into a meeting, seized him, his sons - 10 captives in all - and carried them off to France. Donnacona was presented to King Francis I, to whom he repeated tales of a rich Kingdom of Saguenay. Donnacona’s death in France further embittered relations between the French and the inhabitants of Stadacona.

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Longhouses

Credits - P1I2 - LonghousesIn the 17th century, longhouses were made of flexible poles fastened in the ground, bent to form an arched roof, tied together and reinforced with horizontal poles. The Huron longhouse was covered with cedar bark, and its Iroquois counterpart, with elm bark. Sleeping platforms were installed along the length of the building. The central passageway contained fire pits for cooking or heating. A longhouse usually accommodated two families.

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Eel fishing

Credits - P1I3 - Eel fishingThe site of what is now Québec City was a place where Algonquin nomads came to fish for eels using weirs and to barter when Champlain landed there. Eels were found in abundance in the St. Lawrence River at the time.

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Peace Pipe

Credits - P1I4 - Peace PipeThe Natives used an aromatic mixture of tobacco and other plants in the peace pipe, smoked ritualistically whenever something important was taking place.

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Jacques Cartier

Credits - P1I5 - Jacques CartierBorn in 1534 in Saint-Malo, Brittany, Jacques Cartier sailed to Canada three times, in 1534, 1535 and 1541. On July 24, 1534, he planted a 30-foot cross on the site of Gaspé and claimed the region for King Francis I of France, thus becoming the first navigator to officially claim the land and call it Canada, an Iroquois word that probably means village. Despite his ambitious claim, Cartier was unable to establish a colony in the territory that he discovered, and died in Saint-Malo in 1557.

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Algonquin canoe

Credits - P1I6 - Algonquin canoeThe boats used by the Algonquin and other Aboriginal nations were remarkable in many respects. The first Europeans soon came to an appreciation of how their light weight and versatility made them the best means of transportation for exploring the territory, and began using them at an early stage.

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Astrolabe

Credits - P1I7 - AstrolabeUsed in navigation to measure the sun at its zenith in a vertical position, this astrolabe can also be used horizontally as a surveying instrument. Attributed to Champlain, it is the smallest of the 35 extant nautical astrolabes from the period, and the only one from France.

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Glass beads

Credits - P1I8 - Glass beadsMatachias, or strings of highly coloured beading made of wood, ceramic or glass were highly prized by the Natives. Women adorned themselves with them on many occasions—ceremonies, weddings, dances, festivals, warrior homecomings, funerals, and so on.

Fur trading

Credits - P2I1 - Fur tradingIn 1608, Champlain inaugurated a permanent settlement to serve as a post for trading with the Natives within the continent for furs, which were highly prized among the Europeans. Quebec soon became a favourite place to trade for European products among the Algonquin nomads and members of the Wendat Huron Nation.

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Beaver

Credits - P2I2 - BeaverFor Aboriginal peoples, the beaver symbolized "the builder and the worker." It was hunted for its fur and its kidneys which were used to treat some diseases, including arthritis and rheumatism. Before Québec city was founded, the fur trade was only a supplement to the fishing industry.

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Inkstand

Credits - P2I3 - InkstandChamplain and the company clerks were required to keep accounts and write letters and reports, and to weigh and distribute trade goods and food. This exceptional “pewter” (tin and lead) inkstand was an important office instrument.

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Glassware

Credits - P2I4 - GlasswareThe light, fragile, greenish verre de fougère from which these glasses are made is named after the fern ash, with its high potash content. The discovery of these artefacts in the Quebec habitation suggests that the French brought wine with them from their homeland.

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Cooking pot

Credits - P2I5 - Cooking potCooking pots and stockpots, used to simmer soups and stews, are an important utensil in European kitchens. They can be used to cook poule au pot, a recipe popularized by King Henry IV himself, in which a chicken is stuffed with eggs, bread, parsley and liver before cooking.

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Louis Hébert

Credits - P2I6 - Louis HébertApothecary Louis Hébert is regarded as the first colonist of New France. He had been living in Quebec for five years when he applied for recognition of right of ownership over “a portion of land lying within an enclosure in the place known as Québec.” The Duke of Montmorency, Viceroy of New France, acquiesced and granted fee simple the first seigniory to Hébert in 1623, entitling him “to utilise it fully and peacefully as he sees fit.”

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1627 farm

Credits - P2I7 - 1627 farmIn 1626, Samuel de Champlain decided to build a farm to raise livestock to feed the people of the Quebec habitation. The lowlands of Cap Tourmente, where Champlain had been harvesting fodder since 1623, were felt to be an ideal place for the farm.

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Portrait of Champlain

Credits - P2I8 - Portrait of ChamplainAn unparalleled scientific thinker, administrator and organizer, a writer, illustrator, cartographer and ethnographer, the founder of Québec City was also an experienced soldier and navigator. During his Canadian career, Samuel de Champlain crossed the Atlantic Ocean 22 times, traveled 35,000 kilometres and lived on the shores of the St. Lawrence River in all seasons, until his death in Québec City on Christmas Day, 1635.

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The second habitation

Credits - P2I9 - The second habitationThe Habitation was built primarily with fur trading in mind. Its buildings housed clerks, factors, commission merchants, fur traders, interpreters, soldiers, ships captains, sailors and labourers. Its stores were used for furs, trade goods and the provisions needed for the colony’s survival. Outside the walls, a baker and locksmith-gunsmith lived in separate houses.

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Daily life in the habitation

Credits - P2I10 - Daily life in the habitationA bon vivant, Champlain enjoyed good food and conviviality. Having served as a barrack master in the army in Brittany, he was accustomed to garrison life in remote regions. To maintain good will among his men, he created the Order of Good Times, whereby each day a man would go out hunting food for the community. In this way Champlain created a ritual surrounding mealtimes to promote good health and morale among his companions as they spent the winter at Port-Royal.

Jean Talon

Credits - P3I1 - Jean TalonSent to New France by Colbert in 1665, intendant Jean Talon furthered the colony’s development by promoting population growth and the clearing and cultivation of land. He distributed land to immigrants, encouraged tradesmen and apprentices to immigrate, and helped colonists and new industries to get started. Talon also saw that the filles du Roi (“King’s Daughters”) were taken care of and provided dowries for girls who would become officers’ wives.

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The Filles du Roi (“King’s Daughters”)

Credits - P3I2 - The Filles du Roi (“King’s Daughters”)The Filles du Roi (“the King’s daughters”) were young women sent by Louis XIV to aid in colonizing New France by marrying and raising families. Most of them came from the northwest part of France, were of modest means, had no inheritance and had been raised in convents. They landed in New France in September 1663. They numbered between 200 and 300, and had been selected by the sisters for their good health. Twenty years after their arrival, the population had tripled!

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Radisson

Credits - P3I3 - RadissonPierre-Esprit Radisson is the best known of the coureur des bois. He was still a teenager when he landed in 1652. The following year, he was captured in an Iroquois raid and adopted by his captors. He learned about their customs and ways of life. Two years later he escaped. He was recruited by Médard Chouart des Groseillers to travel the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior regions in search of furs. When they returned in 1660, the two friends brought back a cargo of furs filling over 100 canoes, only to have it confiscated. Radisson changed allegiance a number of times to finance his voyages. He is credited with the discovery of Hudson’s Bay. He died penniless in London.

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Playing card and currency

Credits - P3I4 - Playing card and currencyNew France was not authorized to print money and therefore lacked liquid assets. Bartering was the accepted method of doing business, with playing cards as currency. Playing cards were first used as a temporary measure by intendant De Meulles beginning in 1685, until the French ships arrived with money approved by the Ministère de la Marine, which was responsible for the colony. These cards, which were assigned different values, were used to pay the state’s current expenditures and in theory were to have been taken out of circulation when the money allocated by the budget arrived from France.

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Powder horn

Credits - P3I5 - Powder hornThe powder horn, an essential part of the hunter’s and soldier’s artillery, was used to keep powder dry. The large end was sealed with a tapered wooden plug, and the small end by a metal cone with a spring stem to control the flow of powder. The powder horn was slung around the neck.

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Carabine

Credits - P3I6 - CarabineFrench grenadier’s rifle, made in Saint-Étienne according to the 1728 model.

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Culverin cannon

Credits - P3I7 - Culverin cannonCulverin cannons, which were far more powerful than those used by Champlain in 1629, were set on the platform near the river. They fired 5- or 6- pound balls in a range of about 450 metres.

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Musket balls

Credits - P3I8 - Musket ballsRifle bullets, musket balls and flints have been found by archaeologists on the site of the second Quebec habitation. This points to the existence of a wide variety of firearms from the beginning of the 17th century. The flints come in various colours and sizes and fall into two groups, depending on whether they were made from a flake or a sliver.

Map of New France

Credits - P4I1 - Map of New FranceThis map by Jacques Covens, drawn between 1720 and 1740, shows New France at the height of its expansion, when, together with Louisiana, it encompassed virtually all of North America. One can see an evident lack of knowledge of the proportions of this vast territory; the continent’s west coast was still unknown.

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Treaty of Paris

Credits - P4I2 - Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris, 1763, marked the end of a long war between England, France and Spain, a war that some have called the First World War, since it took place on four continents. Under the terms of the treaty, England obtained île Royale (Cape Breton Island) and Canada, including the Great Lakes basin and possessions on the east side of the Mississippi, from France. The latter retained fishing rights in Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, acquired Saint Pierre and Miquelon and recovered its possessions in the West Indies, its trading posts in India and its slave trading post on Gorea Island in Senegal. In accordance with the conditional surrender of 1760, England guaranteed freedom of religion to the French Canadians.

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Guy Carleton / Lord Dorchester

Credits - P4I3 - Guy Carleton / Lord DorchesterA British military officer and Governor of Quebec from 1768 to 1778 and from 1785 to 1795, Lord Guy Carleton of Dorchester served under General Wolfe at the time of the conquest of Québec City and became Governor of the province after the British merchants had James Murray, his predecessor, removed. Dorchester was sympathetic to the French Canadians and supported their efforts to restore French civil law. He was largely responsible for the Quebec Act, which secured the protection of French laws and customs.

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Intendant’s residence

Credits - P4I4 - Intendant’s residenceThe archaeological site for the intendant’s residence lies at the heart of Québec City. Research conducted by Laval University has helped to reconstruct the rich past of this site. The site of the original residence has been put to a number of uses: it was Jean Talon’s brewery from 1668 to 1675, the intendant’s residence from 1684 to 1713, stores and prison from 1716 to 1769, a house and bakery from 1760 to 1852, the Boswell Brewery from 1852 to 1971, and from 1982 to 1991 an urban park and archaeological excavation school.

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Shipbuilding

Credits - P4I5 - ShipbuildingUnder the French regime, Québec City became a port for the exporting of masts and spars and square timber for the naval shipyards of France. This vocation, taken up in the time of Jean Talon, experienced a resurgence in the 1690s and then tapered off during the years 1710 to 1739, after which Québec City became the equivalent of a French arsenal under Rochefort and a place where warships were built for the French navy. Military shipbuilding became a thing of the past after Canada was ceded to England, which built the warships in its own shipyards. Apart from private shipbuilding, the industry in Québec City was now reduced to the construction of small boats for the colonial navy.

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Page from The Quebec Gazette

Credits - P4I6 - Page from The Quebec GazetteThe Quebec Gazette, North America’s first newspaper (1764), was a compilation of foreign news, anonymous correspondence, official documents and advertisements. Especially noteworthy were announcements concerning the arrival and provenance of ships, complete with descriptions of what they contained and what would be sold on the docks.

Carriage

Credits - P5I1 - CarriageTraveling in style in Québec City in the early 19th century meant using a phaeton, a cart, a sleigh, a coach, or, of course, a carriage. This was drawn by a single horse, while its cousin, the carriole, required two. Joiners and other craftsmen vied with one another to build models that would show their skills to best advantage, and sold their products in places as far away as London.

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Uniforms of 1791

Credits - P5I2 - Uniforms of 1791British army uniforms were seen in large numbers on the streets of Quebec, where for a period of time, a third of the population consisted of soldiers.

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William Price

Credits - P5I3 - William PriceWilliam Price was without question one of the greatest Canadian entrepreneurs of the 19th century. He came to Canada in 1810 as an agent purchasing construction lumber for the British Navy and in 1816 entered the lumber business on his own, creating William Price and Company. In 1842 he purchased the properties of the Société des 21 in Saguenay and joined with Peter MacLeod to operate the Chicoutimi sawmills. He soon became known as the “Lumber King.” Later, Price joined with three of his sons to create William Price and Sons. Price died on March 14, 1867, at the age of 78. His sons succeeded him and created Price Brothers and Company.

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Boat pushing lumber on the St. Lawrence

Credits - P5I4 - Boat pushing lumber on the St. LawrenceQuébec City was a port of primary importance throughout the 19th century in the exporting lumber to England for shipbuilding. Napoleon’s continental blockade of Europe meant that the British grew more dependent on Quebec lumber. When the blockade ended, England maintained preferential tariffs for Canadian lumber, especially from Quebec.

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Voltigeurs

Credits - P5I5 - VoltigeursThe French-Canadian Voltigeurs Regiment in March, 1813.

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British soldier

Credits - P5I6 - British soldierA soldier and officer of the 60th British Light Infantry Regiment, circa 1800.

The Québec City fire

Credits - P6I1 - The Québec City fireOn the night of June 28, 1845, a major fire broke out in the Québec City suburb of Saint-Jean. The flames spread from house to house, leaving thousands on the street. In all, close to 1,300 residences were destroyed. A month before, the suburb of Saint-Roch had suffered a similar fate.

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Fire truck

Credits - P6I2 - Fire truckThis steam driven, British-made fire truck was the technological pacesetter of its day.

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Château Frontenac

Credits - P6I3 - Château FrontenacIn 1893 the region’s biggest hotel was opened. Overlooking the St. Lawrence, from the top of Cap Diamant, the Château Frontenac became the figurehead of a dynamic industry—and the most photographed hotel of the 20th century. Its castle-like appearance, with towers, turrets, dormer windows, fireplaces and steep roofs, created by architect Bruce Price, was emulated as far away as the Rocky Mountains.

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Reckless Staircases

Credits - P6I4 - Reckless StaircasesThe reckless staircases, Québec City’s oldest stairway, appears on city plans as early as 1660. The famous wooden structure was replaced in 1885 by an iron one. Today’s updated and renovated version dates back to 1968. Previously known as the Champlain Stairway, the Quêteux Stairway and the Lower Town Stairway, it provides an important link between the upper and lower towns.

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Dufferin Terrace

Credits - P6I5 - Dufferin TerraceInaugurated in 1879, Dufferin Terrace gives Québec City the appearance of a seaside resort. The 671-metre structure continues to be a very popular meeting place and one of the city’s main attractions. Architect Charles Baillargé designed the cast iron lamp stands and the kiosks. The terrace was named after Lord Dufferin, Canada’s third governor general, who was responsible for preserving and renovating the city’s fortifications, designed a century earlier by French architect Chaussegros de Léry. Lord Dufferin was therefore the initiator of Canada’s first heritage site. By protecting the fortifications from demolition, he protected the character of Old Quebec, which has resulted in the city’s inclusion in the UNESCO world heritage.

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Octave Crémazie

Credits - P6I6 - Octave CrémazieOctave Crémazie was one of French Canada’s leading romantic writers, schooled at the Petit Séminaire de Québec. Together with his brother, he founded an “ecclesiastical bookshop” that became a veritable cultural centre. In 1850 he made his first visit to Europe, where he frequented the literary salons. Around 1860 Quebec’s leading authors would meet in the back shop of his bookstore, a practice that ended in 1862 when the establishment went bankrupt. Heavily in debt, Crémazie fled to Paris. His poems were assembled in 1864 in the Littérature canadienne de 1850 à 1860 collection.

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Port of Québec City

Credits - P6I7 - Port of Québec CityA desire to secure a share of the grain trade by becoming the main outlet for exports from Western Canada lay behind the modernization of Québec City’s port facilities. In 1877, construction began on a stone pier over 1,000 metres in length delimiting two basins at which boats could tie up at any time. Added to this were railways, grain silos and warehouses, followed by a second port sector at l’Anse-au-Foulon in the 1920s.

Aboriginal steelworkers

Credits - P7I1 - Aboriginal steelworkersThe Quebec Bridge was built by mostly Aboriginal labourers, primarily from Kahnawake, preferred for their physical strength and their ability to work on heights.

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Lépine Stairway

Credits - P7I2 - Lépine StairwayWalking is without question the best way to explore Québec City. By 1986, there were 28 stairways joining the upper and lower towns, all of them eloquent witnesses to local history. Their elegance and the quality of their construction make many of them worthy of being regarded as essential parts of the city’s heritage.

Lépine Stairway, designed by Charles Baillargé, Québec City Engineer from 1866 to 1898 and planner of the Dufferin Terrace.

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The Québec Bridge

Credits - P7I3 - The Québec BridgeConstruction of the Québec City bridge officially began in 1900. The cantilever system was chosen because it allows wider spans between abutments, and it is still the longest of its type in the world. Construction was completed in 1917, despite the successive collapses that occurred in 1907 and 1916.

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Château Frontenac

Credits - P7I4 - Château FrontenacThe imposing profile of the Château Frontenac serves as a reminder that Canada’s great railroad adventure also started here. Through the determination of William Van Horne, President of Canadian Pacific, his vision of building "the most talked about hotel in the world" was carried out. He was right. No other hotel was more photographed throughout the 20th century. Its castle style—towers and turrets, dormer windows, chimneys and roofs with steep slopes—is famous across Canada and has been duplicated from here to the Rockies. The Banff Springs Hotel recaptures the same architecture, which unites the Loire "châteaux" style with that of a Scottish manor.

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Conferences of 1943 and 1944

Credits - P7I5 - Conferences of 1943 and 1944During World War II, in meetings that changed the course of world history, Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King twice hosted British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American president Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Château Frontenac to discuss plans for the invasion of Normandy and coordinate efforts for the postwar period.

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Industrialization of the city

Credits - P7I6 - Industrialization of the cityQuébec City was one of Canada’s leading industrial cities at the turn of the century. Railways and roads helped to establish close ties between the city and its hinterland. In 30 years, by 1931, the urban population had more than doubled, from 69,000 to 150,000. The pulp and paper industry was flourishing; corset, furniture and tobacco factories contributed to the city’s growth, as did the arms and munitions factories during the two world wars. People were willing to travel long distances to shop in Québec City’s department stores. Beginning in the 1930s, tourism was added to the list of the region’s main industries.

An economic crossroads

Credits - P8I1 - An economic crossroadsStimulated by a blend of culture, tourism, high technology and information technologies, the economy of Québec City has become increasingly diversified. Quebec’s provincial capital lies at the heart of a population cluster of 700,000 people, making it Quebec’s second-largest, and Canada’s seventh-largest centre of economic activity. With its deep-water harbour, open year-round, its international airport located less than 15 kilometres from downtown, its expressways and railways connecting with the rest of Canada and with the United States, Québec City has close ties with the world’s main business centres.

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Plains of Abraham

Credits - P8I2 - Plains of AbrahamThe site of many clashes for supremacy between the French and British empires, the park is the scene of the 1759 Conquest, which changed the fate of North America. Apart from its historical past, the park is to Québec City what Central Park and Hyde Park are to New York and London: a city park of outstanding value, the lungs of the city. On March 17, 1908, the law creating the National Battlefields Commission was enacted to present and preserve this site, unique in the world by its sheer size, its geographic location, its historical role and its beauty.

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Cultural City

Credits - P8I3 - Cultural CityQuébec City is a major cultural centre, host to numerous performing arts productions, major cultural events and extensive museum collections. It thus contributes to cultural outreach both here and elsewhere.

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The Québec City flag

Credits - P8I4 - The Québec City flag“The flag depicts a golden yellow ship on a deep blue field surrounded by a crenelated white design.” Like the coat of arms, the flag of Québec City contains a golden yellow ship in full sail. This signifies the founding of Québec City in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain. It also represents its maritime vocation and its major seaport. The full sails symbolize the determination and valour of the people of Québec City.

The flag’s colours have the following heraldic meanings: the gold used for the ship means strength, faith, justice, prosperity, constancy and brightness; the silver on the fringe symbolizes humility, purity, charity, truth and victory; the deep blue in the background represents sovereignty, majesty, serenity, reputation, knowledge, clarity and loyalty. Deep blue is also dominant on the coat of arms and underlines the French origin of the city’s founders.

The crenelated border signifies that Québec City is a fortified city whose founder was born in Brouage, Saintonge, which is also a fortified city.

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UNESCO World Heritage

Credits - P8I5 - UNESCO World HeritageIn December 1985, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) included the Historic District of Old Quebec on its prestigious World Heritage List, making Québec City the only city north of Mexico City to receive this honour in North America, ranking it alongside cities such as Tunis, Cairo, Damascus, Jerusalem, Rome, Florence, Kraków and Warsaw. The cradle of French civilization in America, the Historic District of Old Quebec attests by its architecture and urban landscapes to the role played by the city as capital under the French and British regimes and within Canada.

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400th anniversary celebrations

Credits - P8I6 - 400th anniversary celebrationsThroughout 2008, several activities were held across Canada to commemorate Québec City’s 400 years of history. It is a historic anniversary for Canada and for North America. For 2008, it wants to restore access to the St. Lawrence for the people of Quebec and Canada by creating facilities for tourism, sports and receational activities in the very heart of the city. The locations are Baie de Beauport, a very popular venue for its beach and water sports facilities; Pointe-à-Carcy in the Port of Québec, the entrance point for cruise ships; Bassin Brown, a historic site of port activities; and Espace 400^e, the hub for celebrations taking place in Bassin Louise.

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REFERENCES FOR ILLUSTRATIONS

P1I1
Donnacona

Canada Post

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P1I2
Longhouses

Conseil de la Nation Huronne-wendat

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P1I3
Eel fishing

Saltwater Estuary Fishing
Photo © Canadian Museum of Civilization,
Canada’s Visual History, Vol. 65, No. 26

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P1I4
Peace Pipe

Pipe
1475-1525, 15th century or 16th century
M4243 © McCord Museum

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P1I5
Jacques Cartier

Stewart Museum

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P1I6
Algonquin Canoe

Photo © Canadian Museum of Civilization,
Artifact 94-344
Photo S. Darby, image S94-13219

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P1I7
Astrolabe

Champlain’s Astrolabe
Photo © Canadian Museum of Civilization,
Artifact 989-56-1,
Photo H. Foster, 1992, image S92-7972

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P1I8
Glass beads

Stewart Museum

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P2I1
Fur trading

Trading Scene in Québec, 1628
Photo © Canadian Museum of Civilization,
Francis Back Collection, photo H. Foster,
Image S96- 25083; CD98- 144- 012

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P2I2
Beaver

Authorization from Inter Livres Langlaude
© Éditions

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P2I3
Inkstand

Pewter and lead
Found on the site of the second habitation
Archaeological collection of the Québec Ministère de la Culture et des Communications
Photo: Québec Ministère de la Culture et des Communications.

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P2I4
Glassware

Glasses, XVIIth Century,
Found on the site of the Second Quebec Settlement
Photo © Canadian Museum of Civilization,
Photo S. Darby, image S94-13,301,
Artifact courtesy of the Ministère de la Culture et des Communications du Québec

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P2I5
Cooking pot

Cooking Pot, XVIIth Century,
Slip earthenware glazed inside
Photo © Canadian Museum of Civilization,
Living History Collection, photo S. Darby, (on the right)
Canadian Museum of Civilization, image S94-13,313,
Artifact (on the left) courtesy of the Ministère de la Culture et des Communications du Québec

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P2I6
Louis-Esprit Hébert

Print: Louis Hébert semant
Source: Library and Archives Canada/C-016952

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P2I7
1627 farm

The Cap Tourmente Farm, 1627
Photo © Canadian Museum of Civilization,
Francis Back Collection, photo H. Foster,
Image S96 - 25076; CD98- 144- 005

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P2I8
Portrait of Champlain

Montreal City Archives

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P2I9
The second habitation

The Second Québec City settlement
Photo © Canadian Museum of Civilization,
S. Darby, image S94-13,241

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P2I10
Daily life in the habitation

Scene in the mess of the second Québec City settlement, 1627
Photo © Canadian Museum of Civilization,
Francis Back Collection, photo H. Foster,
Image S96- 25081; CD98- 144- 010

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P3I1
Jean Talon

Print Talon
Théophile Hamel
1850-1900, 19th century
M3811 © McCord Museum

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P3I2
The Filles du Roi ("King’s Daughters")

Watercolour: The Arrival of the French Girls at Quebec, 1667
Source: Library and Archives Canada/C-010688

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P3I3
Radisson

Re-drawn from a Rare Old Paris Print.
Early French Fur Trader and Explorer in New France
Source: Library and Archives Canada /C-015497

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P3I4
Playing card and currency

Drawing: "Playing Card Money" (detail)
Source: Library and Archives Canada/C-017059

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P3I5
Powder horn

Stewart Museum

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P3I6
Carabine

Photo: Parcs Canada / Jean Jolin

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P3I7
Culverin cannon

Stewart Meseum

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P3I8
Musket balls

Musket Balls, around 1630
Photo © Canadian Museum of Civilization,
Photo S. Darby,
Artifact courtesy of the Ministère de la Culture et des Communications du Québec

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P4I1
Map of New France

Stewart Museum

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P4I2
Treaty of Paris

Archives from the Department of Foreign Affairs, France

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P4I3
Guy Carleton / Lord Dorchester

General Sir Guy Carleton
C-002833
Library and Archives Canada

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P4I4
Intendant’s residence

Copperplate engraving: A View of the Intendants Palace (Québec)
Source: Library and Archives Canada/C-000360

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P4I5
Shipbuilding

Watercolour: Québec vue depuis la pointe de Lévy
Source: Library and Archives Canada/e006078782

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P4I6
Page from The Quebec Gazette

Newspaper: Quebec Gazette, June 21, 1764 issue (Gazette de Québec)
Source: Library and Archives Canada
Quebec Gazette/nlc-12549

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P5I1
Carriage

Watercolour: Caleche Driving Downhill as Practised in Quebec City, Lower Canada,
Source: Library and Archives Canada/C-040288

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P5I2
Uniforms of 1791

Coat
About 1795, 18th century
M20518 © McCord Museum

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P5I3
William Price

La Société d’archives Sagamie collection

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P5I4
Boat pushing lumber on the St. Lawrence

C-000859
Library and Archives Canada

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P5I5
Voltigeurs

Canadian Voltigeurs on the march in 1813.
Reconstitution by G. E. Embleton
© Parks Canada

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P5I6
British soldier

Photo by René Chartrand

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P6I1
The Québec City fire

Print
View of Quebec, Canada;
From the River St. Charles;
Shewing the conflagration of June 28th.1845 (...).
John Murray 1845, 19th century
M778 © McCord Museum

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P6I2
Fire truck

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Steam fire engine
John Henry Walker (1831- 1899)
About 1860- 1870, 19th century
M930.50.1.164 © McCord Museum

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P6I3
Château Frontenac

Photo: Château Frontenac
Source: Library and Archives Canada
Credit: John Woodruff/ PA- 020827

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Casse-cou staircase

Photo: Breakneck Steps, Quebec City, QC, ca. 1870
Louis Prudent Vallée
About 1870, 19th century
MP- 0000.321.2 © McCord Museum

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Dufferin Terrace

Photo: Inauguration de la terrasse Dufferin, à Québec, 1879
Source: Library and Archives Canada
Credit: Jules-Ernest Livernois/ PA- 118201

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Octave Crémazie

Photo: Joseph Octave Crémazie
Source: Library and Archives Canada
Credit: Canada. Patent and Copyright Office/ C- 006717

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Port of Québec City

Photo: Québec City harbour, QC, about 1870
Livernois about 1870, 19th century
MP- 1984.107.40 © McCord Museum

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Aboriginal steelworkers

Source: Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada

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Lépine stairways

Québec City Archives

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P7I3
The Québec City Bridge

Québec City bridge
Communauté métropolitaine de Québec

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P7I4
Château Frontenac

Fairmont Le Château Frontenac

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Conferences of 1943 and 1944

Photo: Rt. Hons. W. L. Mackenzie King and Winston Churchill with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the British and American Chiefs of Staff during the Quadrant Conference
Source: Library and Archives Canada
Credit: Harry Rowed
Fonds de l’Office national du film/ PA- 183423

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P7I6
Industrialization of the city

Photo of the crowd on Saint-Jean Baptiste day (1921).
Québec City archives, documents from the iconographic collection

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An economic crossroads

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Quebec_city-satellite_image.jpg
Screenshot from NASA’s archive taken from the Landasat satellite

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P8I2
Plains of Abraham

 

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P8I3
Cultural City

 

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P8I4
The Québec City flag

Québec City

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UNESCO World Heritage

Photo: Juan Manuel Martinez
View of Québec City from the marina

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P8I6
400th anniversary celebrations

Photo: Ben Gauthier

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